Introduction Of Computer Hardware Computer Science Essay

Hardware is the general term used to describe physical artifacts of a technology. Computer hardware is one part of the personal computer (PC). Multiple physical component of computer hardware made up a personal computer. Computer hardware is not frequently changed, modified or removed from a computer. Computer hardware is being stored in hardware devices such as read only memory (ROM), which is not readily changed. Computer can?t function without hardware.

There are many types of hardware found in a computer. For example: Motherboard, it is the central circuit board forming up an electronic system complex. Central Processing Unit (CPU), CPU is the main component in a digital computer which interprets instruction and process data in computer programs. Floppy disk and hard disk function as a data storage device.

The motherboard is a main component found in the casing of Central Processing Unit (CPU). A motherboard is also called main board, logic board and system board. A motherboard is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry which connects the rest of the parts of the computer and any peripherals via the ports or expansion slots. A motherboard holds many crucial components of the system while providing connectors for other peripherals. Most of the computer motherboard produced today is designed for IBM-compatible computers.

A motherboard is the logical foundation of the computer. Everything which makes a computer must be attached on a motherboard. Motherboard provides the connections that connect the Central Processing Unit (CPU) to storage device, from Random Access Memory (RAM) to printer ports. A motherboard functions as a big communication highway. Purpose of a motherboard is to provide platform for all component and peripheral to plug in together and the motherboard will relay information between them and enable connections to all components and peripherals so that they will be able to communicate with each other.

Components That Attach to the Motherboard

A motherboard houses the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). Components that attached directly to a motherboard are the memory, Central Processing Unit (CPU), graphic cards, sound cards, disk drives, hard ? drives, and some various external and peripherals.

Different Types of Motherboard

There are many types of motherboard nowadays because of the improvement of technology are getting better and better. Examples of motherboard are such as AT, ATX, Mini-ATX, Micro-ATX, LPX, NLX and BTX. There are 4 most popular and common types of motherboard among different types of motherboard. 4 most common and popular motherboard are ATX, AT, BTX and Mini-ATX

.C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\atx-intel-motherboard[1].jpg C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\at-motherboard[1].gif C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\btx.jpg C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\DSC09953[1].jpg

ATX AT BTX Mini-ATX

History of Different Motherboards

C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\at-motherboard[1].gif

Above is an AT motherboard (Advance Technology motherboard). The AT form factor referred to the dimension and layout of the motherboard for IBM AT (International Business Machines). IBM AT becomes popular and widely copied design in computer market of the 1980s. AT motherboard is designed in 12X13? form factor. Many computers still used AT in 1990s. AT form factor had largely supplanted by ATX (Advance Technology Extended motherboard).

C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\atx-intel-motherboard[1].jpg

Above is an ATX motherboard (Advance Technology Extended motherboard). ATX motherboard had supersede and took over the AT motherboard completely as a default form factor for new system. ATX motherboard is designed and developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous designed motherboard such as AT form factor. Development of ATX motherboard had improved the standardization and interchangeability of parts. With the improvement offered and lower price, ATX motherboard had completely took over AT motherboard within few years.

C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\btx.jpg

Above is a BTX motherboard (Balanced Technology Extended motherboard). BTX motherboard is developed to replace the aging ATX motherboard form factor in late 2004 and early 2005. BTX motherboard is designed to alleviate some of the issues and problem that arose and faced from using some new technologies which often demand and produce more heat and power on motherboard. BTX motherboard is proposed by Intel and first implements by Gateway.Inc, and followed by Dell and MPC. A development of BTX retail products by Intel had been canceled in September 2006 and a proprietary form factor is now used by many companies.

C:\Users\hannlim\Pictures\DSC09953[1].jpg

Above is a Mini-ATX motherboard (Mini Advance Technology Extended motherboard). A Mini-ATX is 15X15cm or 5.9X5.9 inches in size. Mini-ATX motherboard form factor is developed by AOpen.Inc. Mini-ATX motherboard is designed with MoDT (Mobil on Desktop Technology) function. MoDT adapt mobile CPU for lower power requirement and reduce the heat generation.

Recommendation

Recommended Type of Motherboard

After doing some research on different types of motherboards, I personally recommend using a BTX motherboard. BTX motherboard was designed and developed to replace the ATX motherboard. BTX motherboard is designed to alleviate some of the issues and problem that arose and faced from using some new technologies which often demand and produce more heat and power on motherboard. Although ATX motherboard solved many problems that exist in the AT design but however, there is still a problem faced by ATX motherboard. Heat generation is the main problem faced by usage of ATX motherboard. Every component inside the computer produces heat. With the increasing of the popularity of faster processors and stuffing of more transistors into a smaller space, heat becomes a problem that could not be overlooked. When components in the computer are overheating, it will damage the computer and also damage some of the components inside the computer. Therefore, Intel had introduced the BTX motherboard in 2003 as a new standard in the motherboard design to solve the problems faced while using ATX motherboard. The design of BTX motherboard system is to direct the coolest air into the processor, north bridge and graphics card location first. The heatsink of the CPU draws air from front of the case and exhausts it from the back. The design of the BTX motherboard has solve the problem faced while using ATX motherboard and so I prefer using a BTX motherboard then a ATX motherboard.

Conclusion

Different types of motherboard have different ability and function but all of the functions are almost the same. Human have studied and develop more and more new motherboard in the technology world. The improvement in technology will bring us a better life and helps make things easier, examples like we may use internet nowadays to communicate with the whole world without going to the place, this may help us save plenty of time. Technologies nowadays are still improving and I believe that there will be more types of motherboards and computer hardware develop and produce while time passes.

References and Appendixes

Website References

www.techwarelabs.com referred date : 23/5/2010

www.wikipedia.com referred date : 23/5/2010

www.techiwarehouse.com referred date: 25/5/2010

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Jobs in focus, stocks set to open higher

Economy

Katy Barnato CNBC

4 hours ago

Toru Hanai / Reuters

A man walks past a stock quotation board displaying Japan's Nikkei share average outside a brokerage in Tokyo July 5, 2013.

U.S. stocks climbed at the open on Friday, as investors cheered a better-than-expected June jobs report.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average opened higher, led by Bank of America.

The S&P 500 and the Nasdaq also rose at the open. The U.S. economy created 195,000 new non-farm payroll jobs in June, the Labor Department reported, after an upwardly revised 195,000 jobs were created in May and 199,000 were created in April.

The unemployment rate was unchanged at 7.6 percent as more people entered the labor market.

The jobs report means the economy is improving and it's on track to at least pick up a little bit of momentum, Robert Pavlik, Banyan Partners' chief market strategist, told CNBC.

"I think the market is going to continue to move higher even as we approach the July meetings," he said. But as it gets closer to September "the possibility that market gets a little bit worried about the move up in Treasury yields comes back into play."

The dollar jumped to a three-year high and 10-year Treasury yields pushed above 2.70 percent, the highest levels in nearly two years, after the jobs report.

Markets had been awaiting the jobs report for clues as to when the Federal Reserve would begin reducing its bond purchases. The Fed has said it expects to end its $85 billion monthly asset purchases when the unemployment rate drops to around 7 percent.

Other global central banks also added to the bullish tone on Wall Street. Yesterday, both the European Central Bank and the Bank of England offered forward guidance on policy for the first time, and said record-low interest rates would be maintained for a prolonged period.

(Read More: July 4: Independence Day for Europe's Central Banks?)

No major U.S. earnings are expected on Friday. Second- quarter earnings season will kick off with numbers from Dow component Alcoa on Monday.

?By CNBC's Justin Menza. Follow him on Twitter @JustinMenza.

? 2013 CNBC LLC. All Rights Reserved

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/663286/s/2e3f8f47/l/0L0Snbcnews0N0Cbusiness0Cjobs0Efocus0Estocks0Eset0Eopen0Ehigher0E6C10A548482/story01.htm

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DIY Fireworks Instructions From the 1920s Were Ridiculously Unsafe

Americans love things that sparkle, things that glow, and especially things that blow up. So it makes sense that on America's birthday, we take great pride in our various spectacles of light and noise. Today, there are countless YouTube videos and how-to websites showing how to create your own firecrackers and noisemakers. But back in the 1920s, it was the medium of magazines (remember those?) that spearheaded the DIY fireworks movement. And their advice was utterly insane.

The July 1925 issue of Science and Invention magazine included a full page of illustrations showing how to make everything from a roll of caps for your cap gun to a swirling steel wool sparkler. The magazine claimed that they were all relatively safe (they're not), and could even save you money during your Fourth of July festivities:

The joys of celebrating the Fourth of July can be greatly increased by making your own fireworks and noise makers. Those described on this page are safe and it is only necessary to use a few simple precautions where explosive materials are being used. Another advantage of these home-made fireworks is that by their use you can reduce your yearly expenditure for the celebration of Independence Day considerably.

I can't stress enough how dangerous even the most seemingly innocuous chemicals can be when not handled properly. Needless to say, it's better to be safe than sorry and don't try any of this at home.

DIY Sparklers

Very fair imitation sparklers can be made as shown above. Affix a long mass of steel wool as at the left above to a bent iron rod. Light the end of the wool and twirl about in the air in order to produce sufficient air current to burn the steel. Do not use this indoors.

Cap Gun

Caps for cap pistols and other noise making devices of a similar nature may be made as follows and as illustrated above. Powder together 7 parts of potassium chlorate, 3 parts of sulphur and 2 parts of black antimony sulphide. Moisten with thin glue and spot the solution on a glued paper strip as above. Cover with another strip of moistened glued paper and allow to dry.

Glass Water Bombs

Glass water bombs when detonated make a terrific noise. They are made by sealing water in a glass tube as at the left. The tube should be about 1/4 of an inch in diameter. Cool and slowly heat on an iron plate over a fire. Steam will be generated and the tube will explode. Stand away from flying glass.

Wicks and Fuses

A fuse for igniting various fireworks can be made as shown above. Moisten five parts of saltpeter, 3 parts of charcoal and 1 part of sulphur with thin glue after having powdered the dry ingredients. Spread this mixture on a soft cotton string and allow the finished fuse to dry before use.

Invisible Fire Pictures

Invisible fire pictures afford much indoor fun. Draw a picture or design on white paper with a solution of saltpeter or potassium nitrate. When dry, nothing is visible, but the figure immediately comes to light when a glowing cigarette is touched to one of the lines.

Noisemaker

A safe and simple noise maker can be made from a key and nail as shown in the above illustration. Fill the hole in the end of the key with scrapings from the heads of matches. A wire frame should first be made to hold the nail and the key together as shown. Now with the material in the hole in the key, introduce the nail as shown, place on a hard surface and hit the end of the key a sharp blow with a hammer. A loud report will result.

Colored Fire

There are a number of different videos on YouTube showing off what happens when you set barium chlorate and shellac on fire. But you wouldn't catch me doing any of this stuff in an enclosed garage.

To make various colored fires, use the chemicals mentioned below, mixing well together with a knife without rubbing. For green fire, use 90 parts by weight of barium chlorate and 10 parts of powdered dry orange shellac. For red fire, use 8 parts strontium nitrate, 3 parts potassium chlorate and 1 part powdered shellac. These may be made into colored fire candles by placing in a card- board case as at left and inserting a fuse for igniting.

Again, I can't stress strongly enough that playing with things that sparkle and boom is incredibly dangerous. Don't be stupid. Explaining that you lost an eye or a few fingers with a homemade sparkler would be a really dumb story that you'd have to tell for the rest of your life.

Source: http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/diy-fireworks-instructions-from-the-1920s-were-ridiculo-655920764

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An incredible image of the Chrysler Building shot by Jason Hawkes.

An incredible image of the Chrysler Building shot by Jason Hawkes. Jason is a professional aerial photographer. His photos are always so perfect they look almost unreal. Here's a video too, showing New York City's always impressive architecture.

Have a great day!

You're reading Kinja's front page, the showcase of the very best, must-see stories and discussions from Gawker Media blogs and the Kinja universe. Follow us on Twitter.

Source: http://front.kinja.com/http-vimeo-com-68384616-incredible-aerial-film-of-nyc-657111298

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Samsung sells 20 million Galaxy S 4s according to Korean Media

So, JK Shin hasn't emerged from Samsung's HQ declaring that his company has sold 20 million Galaxy S 4s, but the day (and week) is still young. Korea's news media is quoting the CEO as saying that Samsung's flagship Jay-Z player / handset has seen its sales double from the 10 million that was announced at the tail-end of May. Given that we're but a few days away from the company's next earnings estimates, we'll probably find out for certain soon enough.

Filed under: Cellphones, Mobile, Samsung

Comments

Source: iNews (Translated), Yonhap News (Translated)

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/tiMQ7fHKYU4/

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A space shuttle's final mission: Atlantis opens to the public (+video)

The much-anticipated Atlantis exhibit - showcasing the last space shuttle to make a mission - will open at Florida's Kennedy Space Center on Saturday.

By Elizabeth Barber,?Contributor / June 28, 2013

This June 2013 photo shows space shuttle Atlantis on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Cape Canaveral, Fla. The 900,000 square-foot facility centering around Atlantis will open to the public on Saturday.

John Raoux/AP

Enlarge

Space shuttle Atlantis will begin one last mission on Saturday ? and this is one on which we can join her.

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Here's a quick look into the current state of the new Space Shuttle Atlantis exhibit opening at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in June 2013.

The Atlantis exhibit at the Kennedy Space Center, in Cape Canaveral, Florida, will open to the public on Saturday, after a Friday event that boasts some 50 astronauts on the guest list.

Some 60 displays and interactive simulators in the new, much-heralded exhibit will tell the story of the entire NASA shuttle program, which was closed in 2011. Those shuttles ? beginning with the April 1981 launch of shuttle Columbia and continuing with the journeys of shuttles Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour ? were the space ambassadors on which Americans pinned their celestial dreams for some three decades.

And so, in the center of it all, is the space shuttle Atlantis.

?Although the multimillion-dollar interactive exhibit encompasses much, much more than the display of Atlantis, there is no denying, she is truly the star of the show,? said Bill Moore, chief operating officer of the visitor complex. ?We know that this majestic beauty, which safely ferried men and women to space and back on 33 successful missions, is the real reason that our guests will travel thousands of miles ? to see her in all her glory."

Bathed in purple-blue light, the shuttle?s new 90,000-square-home looks part hanger, part space. Raised some 30 feet off the ground, the shuttle is tilted at a 43-degree angle, as it would be in flight. Its payload doors are open and its robotic arm is extended. Visitors can walk both under and around the shuttle on suspended bridges, like astronauts bobbing around their home.

?Atlantis is on display as she would be normally in flight. It?s the first time ever that a lot of people are going to see her this close,? Tim Macy, director of project development and construction for Delaware North Companies Parks and Resorts, told Florida Today.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/tkf9Qh9Ahkc/A-space-shuttle-s-final-mission-Atlantis-opens-to-the-public-video

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Paul staying in LA, Howard hears pitches to leave

FILE - In this Feb. 27, 2013 file photo, Los Angeles Clippers guard Chris Paul plays against the Charlotte Bobcats during an NBA basketball game in Los Angeles. Paul is staying with the Clippers. The All-Star point guard agreed to a new deal on the first day free agency opened, agent Leon Rose confirms, Monday July 1, 2013. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)

FILE - In this Feb. 27, 2013 file photo, Los Angeles Clippers guard Chris Paul plays against the Charlotte Bobcats during an NBA basketball game in Los Angeles. Paul is staying with the Clippers. The All-Star point guard agreed to a new deal on the first day free agency opened, agent Leon Rose confirms, Monday July 1, 2013. (AP Photo/Chris Carlson)

FILE - In this Jan. 25, 2013 file photo, Los Angeles Lakers center Dwight Howard dunks during the first half of their NBA basketball game against the Utah Jazz, in Los Angeles. Chris Paul is staying in Los Angeles; Dwight Howard could be leaving. NBA free agency opens, with Paul sticking with the Clippers and Howard exploring his options before deciding on his future with the Lakers. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill, File)

Chris Paul's answer was brief, just like his time on the free agent market.

"I'M IN!!!" he wrote Monday on Twitter.

He will be staying with the Clippers, the longtime losers he helped turned into a division champion in just two seasons.

Dwight Howard will need more time to think.

Free agency opened Monday in the NBA with the focus on the pair of Los Angeles All-Stars, though Paul took himself off the market only hours after shopping season started.

Agent Leon Rose confirmed Paul's return, which had been expected after the Clippers signed Doc Rivers as their new coach. The Clippers can pay the two-time Olympic gold medalist around $108 million for five years.

Howard can make even more by staying with the Lakers, but that won't stop him from looking elsewhere.

He met with the Houston Rockets early Monday, the Dallas Mavericks and Atlanta Hawks also are interested, and the Lakers have said repeatedly they want to keep him.

The Rockets got the first crack at persuading him to leave. With Hall of Famers Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler joining its contingent, Houston pitched Howard on joining All-Star James Harden.

Rockets general manager Daryl Morey wrote on Twitter that it was a great meeting with Howard and that having Olajuwon and Drexler there "made it obvious how (Howard and Harden) could be the next (great) big/wing combo."

Hawks general manager Danny Ferry and new coach Mike Budenholzer were visiting Howard later Monday, trying to convince him to join his hometown team.

And he'll meet Tuesday with the Lakers' delegation. His first ? perhaps only ? season in Los Angeles was a disappointment and he acknowledged being unhappy at times. But the Lakers want to keep the former Defensive Player of the Year, believing the extra year and about $30 million more they can give him will provide a huge advantage.

Steve Nash, who like Howard had a difficult first season in Los Angeles, tweeted Monday that he was flying from New York to Los Angeles to help the Lakers make their pitch.

"(Dwight Howard) we're coming for you," he wrote. "You're going to love the statue we build for you outside Staples in 20yrs!"

Contracts can't be signed until July 10, after the next season's salary cap has been set.

The Hawks also were expected to meet with their unrestricted free agents, Josh Smith and Kyle Korver, on their trip to Los Angeles, a person with knowledge of the plans told The Associated Press on condition of anonymity because Monday's meetings have not been officially announced.

There is plenty of interest in Smith, a versatile forward, and Deron Williams announced the Nets' interest in Korver by posting a picture of the sharp shooter in a Brooklyn uniform on social media.

Andray Blatche will return as a backup in the Nets' soon-to-be upgraded frontcourt. The 6-foot-11 forward-center agreed to a multiyear deal, his agent said. Blatche will provide minutes behind All-Star center Brook Lopez and Kevin Garnett, who will come from Boston along with Paul Pierce in a deal that was agreed to on draft night, but can't be completed until after next season's salary cap is set.

The Knicks are hoping Andrea Bargnani relocates his outside shot after agreeing to a deal with Toronto to acquire the No. 1 overall pick in the 2006 draft. The Raptors will receive Knicks reserves Steve Novak, Marcus Camby and Quentin Richardson, who will be signed-and-traded. The Knicks are also sending the Raptors a 2016 first-round pick and two second-round picks, according to a person with knowledge of the details.

Bargnani averaged a career-best 21.4 points just three seasons ago, but finished with his worst scoring and shooting numbers last season since he posted career worsts of 10.2 points and 38.6 percent shooting in 2007-08.

Other top players that are available include Denver's Andre Iguodala and Philadelphia's Andrew Bynum ? both part of the four-way trade that sent Howard from Orlando to Los Angeles last summer ? and Indiana's David West. Sixth Man of the Year J.R. Smith of the Knicks is a free agent, as is former winner Manu Ginobili of the San Antonio Spurs, who also could lose forward Tiago Splitter.

Miami is trying to hold onto Chris Andersen, which would essentially keep together the entire core of the team that beat San Antonio in seven games to win the NBA championship.

A person with knowledge of the deal told the AP that Eric Maynor agreed to a contract with the Washington Wizards.

Maynor will serve as the backup point guard behind John Wall. Maynor confirmed the news on his Twitter account, saying he appreciated all the love and support and was "excited to be signing" with the Wizards. He averaged 4.5 points with Oklahoma City and Portland last season.

The New Orleans Pelicans made an offer to Sacramento Kings restricted free agent guard Tyreke Evans, two people familiar with the situation said Monday.

Several media outlets reported the deal was for four years and ranging between $40 million and $48 million. Because he's a restricted free agent, the Kings will have the opportunity to match any offers Evans signs. Contracts can't be inked until July 10, after next season's salary cap is set.

___

AP Sports Writers Antonio Gonzalez in Sacramento, Calif., Brett Martel in New Orleans, Charles Odum in Atlanta and Joseph White in Washington contributed to this report.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2013-07-02-Free%20Agency/id-ddbb659a04254b59b4b6e331f4338483

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